ISC-GeoUnions Distinguished Lecture Series inotsigira International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development

10 Gunyana 2024, ona peji yechiitiko

Gungwa repasi rinofukidza 71% yepasi penyika uye, neinenge 4000 m yeavhareji kudzika, vhoriyamu yaro inomiririra kupfuura 90% yenzvimbo inogarwa nehupenyu. Hupenyu hwakavakirwa panyika, zvakare, hunoenderana nekutenderera kwemvura yemugungwa, kubatanidza mhepo nemhepo yegungwa. Mutakuri mukuru wegungwa anobatanidza makungwa ese mune imwechete huru system, inokonzereswa nekuumbwa kweaizi pamapango, panogadzirwa mvura yakadzika yegungwa, ichiunza oxygen murima rakadzika gungwa. Chimiro chemahombekombe uye chepasi pegungwa chinotsanangura nzvimbo dzakabatana uko maitiro ecosystem anoitika: maseru eecosystem anoshanda zvikamu zvechisikigo zvekutonga nekuchengetedza zvinoratidzwa nepamusoro pekubatana kwemukati pakati pezvipenyu kuburikidza nemhando nhatu dzekuyerera. Ecosystem mabasa anowanzo kudzidzwa neakasiyana dzidziso anotarisisa biogeochemistry (extraspecific fluxes echinhu chisiri chipenyu chinoyerera "kunze" kwemarudzi), mararamiro (intraspecific fluxes ezvipenyu zvinoyerera "mukati" mhuka kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwezvizvarwa), uye trophic network. (interspecific fluxes yezvinhu zvipenyu zvinoyerera kubva kumarudzi kuenda kumarudzi). Iwo matatu fluxes anotarisisa ecosystem kushanda uye anofanirwa kuumbwa zvese zviri munzvimbo uye zvenguva, kuitira kuti titore zviitiko zvedu zvinoenderana neruzivo-yakavakirwa ecosystem maitiro kune kusimudzira. Semhuka dzepanyika isu tinoshandiswa kutsanangura ecosystem nezvinomera, asi izvi hazvigoneke mugungwa: pasi pegungwa ingori chikamu chegungwa regungwa uye mazhinji e "zvakatipoteredza" anomiririrwa nekoramu yemvura, uko zvirimwa zvakakura. vasipo. Uyezve, iyo huru yakawanda yenzvimbo yegungwa iri murima, uye inotongwa nemhuka uye tupukanana; okisijeni inosvika pakadzika kuburikidza nekudzika kwemhepo uye neachangobva kuwanikwa rima oxygen kugadzirwa. Iyo yakawanda yeoceanic primary production inobva mumetabolism yephotosynthetic microbes (iyo phytoplankton) iyo isingaoneki kwatiri. Ndivo chikafu chezvikara zvinogona kunge zviri benthic kana planktonic (herbivorous zooplankton, kazhinji inoumbwa nediki crustaceans) izvo, ivowo, chikafu chevagadziri vepamusoro, kusanganisira planktonic mhunga uye pwere dzehove dzinokura uye, sevanhu vakuru, tangai kudya mumwe nemumwe uye kuve chikafu chikuru chepamusoro trophic mazinga, kubva kune shark kuenda kushiri dzemugungwa nemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Murima hapana vagadziri vekutanga uye trophic network yakavakirwa pakuyerera kunoramba kuripo kwe detritus (mvura yechando) inosimbisa detritus feeder uye carnivores inodya pazviri. Zvinhu izvi zvinonyanya kudzidzwa nemaitiro ekudzikisira ayo anodzikisira kuoma kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye izvo zvinofanirwa kuunganidzwa kuita chiono chimwechete, chakazara. Iyo ecological shanduko yekuchinja inotaridza kushanda kweecosystem uye inoronga zviitiko zvedu tichitarisira kusakanganisa hutano hwepasi rinorarama.

Muzvinafundo Ferdinando Boero
Yunivhesiti yeFederico II, Napoli

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12 Mbudzi 2024, ona peji yechiitiko

Iyo microbiome inobatsira kusimba kwe ecosystem uye hutano hwevanhu kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati penzvimbo yepanyama uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvinogara munzvimbo iyoyo. Tichifunga nezvekusiyana kwakakura uye mabasa anoitwa ne ecosystem microbiomes, mune ino mharidzo, antimicrobial kuramba (AMR) ichashandiswa semuenzaniso wekuongorora hutachiona hwekubatanidza pane ese ecosystems. Inowanikwa kuti ese ari maviri emarara emvura emumaguta ekuchenesa mvura nemapurazi emhuka akakura ndiwo masosi makuru ekusvibiswa kwe AMR munzvimbo. Kamwe anthropogenic AMR yapinda nharaunda, inogona kuparadzirwa kuburikidza nehukuru hutachiona kufamba mukati meiyo ecosystem uye kutakurwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana pamatunhu uye kunyangwe pasirese.

Iko kushandiswa kwesero-sero nzira dze in situ ongororo ye AMR ichajekeswa, yakanangana neiyo "kugovera-kupararira-kuvandudza" (3D) maitiro eanoshanda mabhakitiriya-resistant bacteria (ARB). Targeted single-cell sorting and metagenomics inoita kuti zvikwanise kuonesa "ndiani ari kuita chii uye sei" muARB inonyanya kushanda, uye kuongorora kushanduka kwehupenyu hwekuramba uye kuongorora maitiro emajini ari pasi. Muchidimbu, AMR mukati meiyo ecosystem inogona kutenderera pakati pevanhu, mhuka, zvidyarwa uye zvakatipoteredza, uye iyo One Health chimiro mukuongorora hutachiona bhasikoro inofanira kugamuchirwa.

Muzvinafundo Yongguan ZHU iAcademician yeChinese Academy yeScience (CAS), Fellow yeTWAS (The World Academy of Sciences), Fellow weInternational Science Council (ISC), uye ndiye Director General weResearch Center yeEco-environmental Sayenzi, CAS. Anga achishanda pahutano hwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwakanaka hune chokuita nekusvibiswa, zvipenyu zvevhu uye microbial ecology. Aive nhengo yekomiti yesainzi yeISC chirongwa cheHutano Hwevanhu uye Hupenyu muKuchinja Kwenzvimbo Yemaguta, uye inhengo yeKomiti yeSainzi Kuronga kweISC. Akashanda kwemakore mapfumbamwe senhengo yeStanding Advisory Group yeNuclear Application, International Atomic Energy Agency (2004-2012). Akagamuchira mibairo yakawanda yekukodzera, kusanganisira TWAS Mubairo weAgricultural Science 2013, National Natural Science Award 2009 & 2023, International Union of Soil Science von Liebig Award 2022. Anodhinda zvakanyanya mumagazini epasi rose ane H-index ye126 (Webhu yeScience), uye akasarudzwa 2016 Yakanyanya Kutsvakurudza yeScience (2024 Webhu Yekutsvagisa Yepamusoro-soro).

Tamba vhidhiyo

13 May 2025, ona peji yechiitiko

Bhuku idzva raProf William Moseley rinoongorora nhoroondo yekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu uye zvirongwa zvekusimudzira zvekurima muAfrica mushure mehukoloni uye rinoburitsa chiono chebudiriro mune remangwana. Nharo huru yebhuku ine zvikamu zvitatu. Chekutanga, masangano ebudiriro nehurumende vanozongotanga kugadzirisa zvakanyanya kushomeka kwechikafu (SDG2) muAfrica kana vachinge vanyatso kubvunza kuti kutarisisa kwakamanikana pakurima kwekugadzira ndiyo mhinduro, pfungwa iri pakati pesainzi yezvirimwa kana agronomy. Chechipiri, budiriro yezvekurima inofanira kuonekwa seinopfuura danho rekutanga muhurongwa hwekusimudzira maindasitiri, asi seraramo inoenderera iyo ine kukosha mukati uye pachayo. Chechitatu, nzira yezvekurima, yakasanganiswa nekutonga kwakanaka, ichabvumira vanhu kuve nekutonga kukuru pamusoro pezvikafu zvavo, kugadzira chikafu chine hutano zvakanyanya, uye kusimudzira kuwanikwa kwekudya nevarombo vevarombo. Zvichitevera sumo yakafararira inosimbisa agronomy yezvematongerwo enyika uye ecology yezvematongerwo enyika, Moseley anoongorora zvekare kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu nebudiriro yezvekurima munyika ina kwaakaita tsvakiridzo dzinoti: Mali, Burkina Faso, South Africa neBotswana. Anobva aongorora kuedza kwakabudirira mune imwe neimwe yenyika dzambotaurwa uye anotsanangura mafambiro emunguva yemberi anosimbisa agroecology, kana mashandisirwo emisimboti yezvakatipoteredza kuhurongwa hwekurima. Anopedzisa nemamwe mazano pamusoro pemasangano pamatunhu enyika, dunhu uye pasi rose. Kuvaka masisitimu echikafu akasimba uye imwe mhando yebudiriro, masangano matsva anozofanira kubuda anotsigira agroecology uye nemaruwa ane simba.

Purofesa William G. Moseley ndeyevanhu-zvakatipoteredza uye budiriro geographer kudzidzisa makosi pamusoro: introductory human geography; vanhu, zvekurima uye zvakatipoteredza; Africa; kusimudzira uye kusasimba; uye seminari yepamusoro pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza nebudiriro. Muzvidzidzo zvake zvakawanda anoedza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvitatu zvinoti: 1) kukwenenzvera hunyanzvi hwevadzidzi sevanoongorora zvakadzama kuburikidza nekuverenga, hurukuro nekunyora; 2) kukurudzira kufunga kwenzvimbo uye kuongorora kuburikidza nekunyatsoongorora maitiro enzvimbo yemaitiro evanhu, kusangana kwevanhu nenharaunda, uye kubatana pakati penzvimbo nematunhu; uye 3) kukurudzira kufarira kukuru mukunzwisisa nyika nenzvimbo. Anonyanya kunetseka kuti vadzidzi vake vaonekwe kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaonero pane chero nyaya yakapihwa, kuti vanodzidza kuongorora nekugadzirisa aya ekuona mapoinzi, uye kuti vanoenderera mberi nekuita mibvunzo yakakosha uye kuvaka nharo dzinogombedzera dzavo.

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