Kuvakazve kuvimba nesainzi: Zvinetso uye mabasa munyika ine polarized

Wekishopu iyi ichagadzirisa zviri kuramba zvichinetsa pamusoro pekuvimba nesainzi pakugadzira mitemo, zvichitarisa kune zvese kuvimba neveruzhinji uye kuvimba kwevanogadzira mitemo. Yakarongwa neInternational Science Council (ISC) uye iyo Joint Research Center (JRC), musangano unounza pamwe chete vanotungamira vaongorori, masayendisiti, uye vatambi vehurumende kuti vatarise mhinduro dzekusimudzira kuvimba nezano resainzi pakati pekukwira kwekusaziva uye matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika. Nhaurirano idzi dzichabatsira mukugadzirisa ramangwana resainzi remitemo mukati uye kunze kweEuropean Union.

Sir Peter Gluckman, Mutungamiri weISC, vakavhura musangano nhasi vachiratidzira kusavimba nesainzi kuri kukura, kunosundwa neruzivo rwenhema, zvematongerwo enyika, uye kusataurirana zvakanaka. Akasimbisa kukosha kwekusiyanisa sainzi nemamwe masisitimu eruzivo, achibvuma kukuvadza kwesainzi kwakapfuura, uye akadana masayendisiti kuti aite sevatengesi vakatendeseka kuti vavakezve chivimbo mukugadzira mitemo inodzidziswa nesayenzi. 

Sir Peter Gluckman

Sir Peter Gluckman

Mutungamiri weISC, Muzvinafundo Anoremekedzwa Emeritus ONZ KNZM FRSNZ FRS

Sir Peter Gluckman

Mashoko okuzarura

Ndakarohwa rimwe zuva na komenda yakagadzirwa nemutauriri webapiro rekurudyi wekuAmerica akati "Ini handisi munhu wevhu. Ini handisi wevhu. Chaizvoizvo, zvandiri mumwe munhu akaenda chitendero chesayenzi". Mazwi aya ane zvaanoreva zvakawanda. Vanomiririra muenzaniso wakanyanyisa wenyaya dzatiri pano kuzokurukura. Vanoshumira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti kunyange isu tichizviona sepachedu kuti sayenzi ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekunzwisisa nyika inooneka, kuvimba mune izvo sayenzi, asi ichitsoropodza, iri pasi pekuoma. Uye tingave mapenzi kuramba rudzi urwu rwekutaura sechirwere cheAmerica chete kana kupokana kuti haisi nyaya yegeneric. Zvisineyi nehuwandu hwekusavimbika nesainzi, pesvedzero yavo ndeyekuti inonyatso kanganisa mabatiro anoita nzanga pazvinhu zvakawanda kunyangwe huwandu chaihwo hwevasingavimbiki hwakakamurwa - asi huri kukura kwete kudzikira muhukuru. Sezvakataurwa naEvans naCollins mubhuku ravo Nei mademokrasi achida sainzi, basa rakakosha resainzi mumademocracies kuisa nzanga dzekubatsira kuita sarudzo dziri nani. 

Zvinoita sezvine basa kuti titange nekuzviyeuchidza kuti sainzi chii: Hurongwa hweruzivo hwakarongeka - hunobva pakuona uye kuedza. Tsananguro dzinongobva pachikonzero chechokwadi, pfungwa, uye zvakaonekwa kare - dzimwe nguva dzinonzi 'dzakadzika' tsananguro. Tsananguro dzinobva pakungofunga uye dzisiri dzepfungwa, dzingava dzechitendero kana kutenda kana tsananguro 'dzakadzika', hadzibatanidzwi. Zvichemo zvisina kuongororwa kwemhando nevezera ravo kana zvisina kurongeka nyanzvi hazvifanirwe kutorwa sechikamu chesainzi. Misimboti iyi, kwete nzira kana chokwadi, inotsanangura sainzi inobvumira kudzokororwa kwekudzokorora uye kufambira mberi kugadziridzwa kwezivo sezvo ongororo itsva inoitwa nekubatanidzwa. Ndiwo misimboti iyi inoita kuti sainzi ive yepasi rose. Zvakanyanya kushanda kwese kwese uye kumarudzi ese.  

Sainzi inosiyaniswa mumisimboti yayo inobvumira sainzi kuti ipe nzira yakavimbika uye inosanganisirwa yekunzwisisa denga nenyika yakatitenderedza uye mukati medu. 

Asi pane ngozi inogona kuitika. Sezvo Clark, Pinker nevamwe vakanyora²:  

The musimboti wesainzi ndewekuti humbowo - kwete chiremera, tsika, kutaura kwekutaura, kana mukurumbira munzanga - hunofanira kukunda. Kuzvipira uku kunoita kuti sainzi ive simba guru munzanga: kupikisa uye kukanganisa ngano dzinoyera, zvitendero zvinokosheswa, uye nganonyorwa dzinodiwa munzanga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, sainzi iripo mukukakavadzana nemamwe masangano, dzimwe nguva zvichimutsa ruvengo uye censorship. 

Izvi hazvisi zvega kune imwe yakanyanyisa magumo ezvematongerwo enyika; takazviona kare mune postmodernist uye relativistic nharo pamusoro pechokwadi chesainzi. 

Tinofanira zvakadaro kusiyanisa kuti chii chinonzi sainzi kubva kune masisitimu esainzi akashanduka kugadzira kana kushandisa sainzi³. Ekupedzisira anosiyana zvikuru uye anokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, tsika, uye vavariro. Zvinosanganisira masangano anopa mari, anodzidzisa, anoburitsa sainzi, dzidzo yepamusoro, uye masangano ekutsvagisa; dzinosanganisira dziviriro uye masangano ega ega uye zvimwe zvikamu zvevanhu. Pano tinofanira kuva vakatendeseka uye kubvuma kuti sainzi yemasangano yakapa zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa uye ine simba rayo pachayo.  

Asi sainzi handiyo yega nzira yeruzivo inoshandiswa nevanhu. Muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva vanhu vanoshandisa nekubatanidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ezivo, kusanganisira ayo anotsanangura kuzivikanwa kwavo, tsika, uye maonero enyika; idzi dzinogona kunge dziri dzemunzvimbo, dzechivanhu, dzechitendero, dzetsika, kana dzepabasa. Sayenzi ichanyanya kushandiswa apo masayendisiti anobvuma ganhuriro dzayo ndokunzwisisa kuti kuti sainzi ivimbike uye ishandiswe zvakanakisisa, inofanira kubvumira kuti dzimwe gadziriro dzezivo dzinowanzoita rutivi mumararamiro atinoita uye nzanga inoita zvisarudzo.  

Isu tine hanya nezvimwe zvinopindirana uye zvine hukama kana tichitaura nezve kuvimba nesainzi. Rega ndinyore yangu idiosyncratic taxonomy yezvinhu zvekufunga nezvazvo. 

1. Kugadzirwa kwezivo yakavimbika - zvakawanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro pazvo. Zvirokwazvo hazvisi zvese zvakanaka muindasitiri yesainzi, asi iyi haisiriyo tarisiro yedu yekutanga nhasi. Pane zvakawanda zvinokurudzira zvekusvetukira kumhedzisiro nguva isati yakwana, kuve nedhizaini yekutsvagisa isina musoro, uye kuti hutsotsi hwesainzi hubvise zvachose. Asi masangano esainzi masisitimu anoshanda nesimba nemafambisirwo nematanho ekubvisa maitiro akaipa munharaunda yesainzi zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, asi ibasa revanhu, uye mienzaniso yakaipisisa inoita nyaya huru dzenhau. 

2. Yechipiri ikurukurirano yezvatinoziva kana kunyanya kutendeseka zvatinofunga kuti tinoziva. Pane tsika huru yekuti vesainzi vashaye hanya nemusiyano, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa naHeather Douglas⁴, pakati pezvatinoziva nezvatinogumisa. Kufungidzira kazhinji hazvimbobvumwa, kusava nechokwadi kunofuratirwa - sezvatakaona kazhinji mukukurukurirana kweCovid. Kusawirirana kwesainzi kunogona kuridzwa pachena, hubris exudes, jargon inoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Masayendisiti nemasangano avo akanaka pa hyperbole. Zvidiki zvakawanikwa nemamolecular zvinogona kushandurwa kuita misoro yenyaya inorapa gomarara kana chirwere cheshuga. Ongororo muAustralia yakaratidza kuti yunivhesiti nechipatara madhipatimendi ePublic Relations anobatsira sei kune hyperbole uye veruzhinji havasi mbeveve uye vanogona kunzwa izvi. Nharaunda yedu zvirokwazvo inogovera kuzvinetso zvayo pachayo. 

3. Kozoitawo nyaya yekuzviona nemugamuchiri. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaburitswa uye ongororo pamusoro pekuvimba zvinobva kune vazivi uye nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinotarisa pahukama hwemunhu - kuti inovakwa sei uye inotsigirwa. Vaviri vari mubhizinesi kana murudo vanosimbisa sei kuvimbana kwavo. Heino imwe nzira yekudzorera. Asi kana munhu atama kubva kune-pane-mumwe kuenda kuhurongwa-kune-nzanga kudyidzana, ini handina chokwadi, kusvika pamwero watinogona kuwedzera kubva kurudzi irwo rwekudzidza kwekuvimba kuenda kumatambudziko atiri kukurukura. Asi sainzi yakawandisa inofuratira kana kuratidza hubris mune chero chimiro chehukama nenzanga. 

4. Zvino pane nyaya ye anchoring biases and that underlying psychology yatinoda kukurukura. Imwe nzira yekusimbisa kukosha kwekukosha iri mukubatanidzwa kwekuzivikanwa - apo munhu anotora maonero ake kuti ndeeboka raanoda kusanganiswa naro. Sezvo hutongi hwejekerere hwawedzera kupolarized, identity fusion inoita basa rakakura pakunyanyisa sezvatiri kuona kutamba munzira dzakawanda. 

Zviripachena muAmerica nemamwe anodaidzwa kuti liberal democracies kurongeka kwesainzi nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakanyanya. Sainzi yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze yakanzi ndiyo inokonzeresa. Asi panewo nyaya dzakadzama. Sezvo Schoufele achangobva kutaurwa⁵:   

Sainzi inotsamira pamaonero eruzhinji kuti inogadzira ruzivo nenzira isina kwayakarerekera mune zvematongerwo enyika. Iyo nguva yatinorasikirwa neiyo chikamu chekuvimba, isu tinongove imwe yeakawanda masangano, .., ayo akatambura nekukasira kukurumidza kunyura mazinga ekuvimba neveruzhinji.  

5. Uye pano tasvika kune dzimwe nyaya dzinokurumidza. Nyaya dzinodyidzana dzeaffective polarization, kurasikirwa kwekuvimba kwakadzikama mukati menzanga (dzimwe nguva inonzi social trust apo mapoka haachavimbana uye asingadi kushandira pamwe) uye kunyanya, nyaya yekukurumidza kuderera kwekuvimba kwemasangano. Pakave nekurasikirwa kwekuvimba mune ese ari maviri masangano nevatambi vayo mukati meiyo liberal democracies. Zvakanyanya kujeka mune vezvematongerwo enyika, vezvenhau, masangano emari, mapurisa asi mayunivhesiti uye masangano esainzi akabatwa zvakaenzana mazviri. Nepo kuvimba nesainzi kuchiita kunge kwakakwira kune mamwe masangano epamusoro, zvakatevera kudzikira kwakafanana.    

Asi mubvunzo unoramba uripo. Tinogona here kubvisa kudonha mukuvimba nesainzi kubva mukuderera kwese mukuvimba kwemasangano. Kufanana kwematrendlines kunoratidza kuti zvingave zvakaoma. Asi nekupihwa iyo yakachengetedza yakakwira yekuvimba nhanho kune vamwe vepamusoro, zvinogona kuitika. Zvizhinji zvebasa reboka rangu richangoburwa riri pazvinhu zvinokanganisa kuvimbana kwevanhu uye masangano mumamiriro ekukurukura kubatana kwevanhu.⁶. Hatigone kufuratira nyaya dzekusaenzana uye kusabatanidzwa mukukanganisa kuvimba kwemasangano. 

6. Muchina mutsva wakagadzirwa waikwikwidzana nechigadzirwa chiripo. Indasitiri yenhaka yakabva yaronga, yakagadzira sainzi yemanyepo, yakaita mushandirapamwe wekuita disinformation, yakatsvaga vezvematongerwo enyika uye kuedza kwakasanganiswa kwakave nenhaka inogara kwenguva refu. Yakanga iri nyaya yemargarine maringe nebhata sezvakataurwa namushakabvu Callestous Juma mubhuku rake rinoshamisa, Innovation nevavengi vayo.  

7. Asi pamusoro pezvido zviri pachena zvakakonzera kuti margarine iparadzwe neindasitiri yemukaka, mubvunzo wakakodzera kubvunza kuti chii chinokurudzira vanhu vazhinji kuita mukukanganisa sainzi? Icho chinogara chiri chimwe chinhu chakananga uye chezvematongerwo enyika here kana kuti izvi hazvina kusiyana nezvakaipa zvinoita kuti isu tinoona kakawanda pasocial media? Chii chinonzi psychology ye disinformation purveyor. Vanogara vaine zvavanofarira here pakutamba. Zvirokwazvo, pamusoro pemireniyamu, ma shaman nevapristi, vadzvinyiriri, uye maautocrats vakashandisa disinformation uye propaganda kuchengetedza simba munzira dzakawanda. 

Uye ikozvino nekuda kwekureruka kwesocial media uye bhizinesi modhi yevapesvedzera, disinformation inoshandiswawo senzira yekuvhiringidza varaidzo. 

Isu tinoita setakapfuura kugashira kusarudzwa kwesainzi - iyo yekufamba kwakasvibirira avo vanobvuma shanduko yemamiriro ekunze asi vachiramba kuchinjwa kwemajini kana kodzero yekuchengeta avo vanogamuchira GM uye kwete shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kusvika zvino kurambwa kwakakura kwe'chitendero chesainzi.' 

Saka kune vazhinji vevasina ruzivo, iko zvino changove chishandiso chimwe chete mukuratidza kuvimbika kuboka rinozivikanwa (rakabatanidzwa nezvido kana manzwiro) - kukanganisa chero chinhu chiri kunze kweboka? Mafungiro ekurangana uye kusavimba, chitupa fusion uye polarization zvinofambidzana. Midhiya yemagariro yakamhanyisa zvese izvi zvinhu uye nekukudza maitiro nemabatiro azvo. 

8. Chimwe chimwe chinhu chinogona kuwedzera mafuta kumusanganiswa. Nharaunda yesainzi inowanzokanganwa zviri nyore kuti sainzi uye tekinoroji zvinokuvadzawo. Thalidomide, eugenics, kuyedza kweTuskegee - muenzaniso unobvisa rurimi sesainzi yakaipa. Uye zvechokwadi, yakawanda yesainzi yenyika uye tekinoroji inokurumidza kuvandudzwa mune zvechiuto. asi kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinokonzeresa mhedzisiro yesainzi yakanaka. Kukurumidzira kwemamiriro ekunze kuri mushure mese mhedzisiro yesainzi neinjiniya kugadzira fossil-yakavakirwa injini uye indasitiri. Kufutisa kune zvakawanda zvekuita nesainzi yekugadzirwa kwechikafu mumaindasitiri, nyaya dzehutano hwepfungwa muvechidiki dzinokurudzirwa nesainzi yedhijitari uye kushandisa kwavo. Sainzi yezvehupfumi yakatungamira kune mitemo inokurudzira kusaenzana.   

Sezvo raft inotevera yetekinoroji iri kubuda pamwero wekukanganisa uye zvakanyanya pasina chero chekutonga, chii chinozounza Artificial Intelligence, synthetic biology uye quantum, zvirinani mukusimudzira kutya munharaunda. Uye kutya ndiko mafuta ekubata polarization uye shanduko yakananga kune autocracy.  

Tiri pano nokuti tinounza unyanzvi hwakasiyana kune idzi uye mamwe maonero andisina kufunga, uye nokuti tinobvumirana kurasikirwa kwekuvimba nesayenzi yemazuva ano kunofanira kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwesayenzi mukuita zvisarudzo pamwe chete, uye izvo zvinofanira pakupedzisira kukuvadza nzanga uye kudzivirira kufambira mberi.  

Ndinotarisira musangano unofadza uye ndinotenda JRC nemutsa wavo.  

Musangano wemazuva maviri uchatarisa mibvunzo inotevera:

• Ndeipi manzwisisiro edu azvino ekuvimba psychology, uye zvemukati, kuendesa, uye mutumwa zvinozvikanganisa sei?
• Sarudzo dza2024 dzinokanganisa sei nyaya yekuvimba nesainzi yepolicy?
• Chii chatingadzidze kubva pakuenzanisa kuvimba nesainzi munyika dzakasiyana siyana uye mamiriro?
• Chii chinotadzisa vezvematongerwo enyika kuvimba nemazano esainzi, uye tingavandudza sei kukurukurirana?
• Chii chinokanganisa kuvimba neveruzhinji mugwaro rakavakirwa pasainzi, uye rinofananidzwa sei nemamwe masangano?
• Sei uchiisa pfungwa pakuvimba? Ndedzipi dzimwe nyaya dzenzanga, sekuramba, dzakabatana?
• Zvinhu zvipi zvinokurudzira kuvimba, kwete kungozvidzivisa?
• Ndeapi mabasa esainzi mukugadzirisa nyaya dzekutendwa, kusanganisira kusaziva?
• Tinogona sei kugadzira patsva masangano eanopa mazano kuti tiwedzere kurongeka uye kutora chikamu kwevagari?
• Tinogona sei kuongorora kuvaka-kuvimba uye kugadzirisa-kuvimba musainzi, uye kunzwisisa miganhu yayo?
• Isu tinoyera sei kuvimba nesainzi kune mutemo uye nekusimudzira humbowo hunoratidza pachena zvirongwa?

Wekishopu iyi zvakare ine chinangwa chekutarisa kuti irudzii rwenguva yemberi yekubatanidzwa iyo ISC inogona kuve nayo pamusoro pesainzi yekuvimba.

Image kubudikidza Terry Johnston paFlickr