Ichi chidimbu chinoumba chikamu cheblog yakatevedzana mune nhengo dzeISC's Komiti Yerusununguko uye Basa muSainzi (CFRS) vanogovana zvavanofunga nezve Vimba neSainzi yePolisi Nexus Chirevo, chakaburitswa mushure memusangano wakarongwa neInternational Science Council (ISC) uye European Commission's Joint Research Center, pamwe nerutsigiro kubva kuUS National Science Foundation.
Musangano uyu wakaunza pamwechete nyanzvi kuti dziongorore kusimba kwekuvimba nesainzi mukati mekugadzira mitemo uye kufunga nezvemubvunzo uri pakati: kusvika papi panogona kuvimba nesainzi kuti iparadzwe kubva kumibvunzo yakakura yekuvimba mumasangano edemokrasi?
Nezvomunyori: Hakan S. Orer ndiPurofesa wePharmacology paKoç University School of Medicine muIstanbul. Iye zvakare Mutungamiriri weScience Academy, Türkiye; Nhengo yeUNESCO IBC uye Nhengo yeISC Committee for Freedom and Responsibility in Science.
Musangano weISC-JRC pamusoro pe Vimba neSainzi yePolicy Nexus vakasimbisa kuti nyaya yekuderera kwekuvimba nesainzi haigone kutsanangurwa senzira yakafanana yepasi rose, uye haigone kuparadzaniswa nekuderera kukuru kwekuvimba nemasangano edemocracy. Nyika iri kuchinja; kukundikana kwekubatana kwemasangano akawanda, pamwe chete nekuwedzera kukwikwidzana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kupararira nekukurumidza kwemashoko enhema kuburikidza nesocial media, kwakakanganisa hwaro hwechinyakare hwesimba nehunyanzvi. Sainzi, inotsanangurwa se 'pfungwa dzevanhu dzakarangwa', ine chinzvimbo chinoshamisa: panguva imwe chete inova tsime retariro nekufambira mberi, asi iri kuwedzera kuva chinangwa chekufungira uye kushandura midziyo yemagetsi.
Kuvimba nesainzi hakusi nyaya isina kujeka yekuvimbika kwetekinoroji asi kutsvaga mamiriro etsika, masangano uye magariro evanhu ayo ruzivo rwunogadzirwa, runoparadzirwa uye runoshandiswa mukugadzira mitemo. Kuvakazve kuvimbana uku kunoda kusimbisazve tsika dzinopa sainzi mvumo: rusununguko rwepfungwa, kuvimbika, kururamisira, kuzvidavirira uye kuremekedza zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kuongorora mazano matsva uye nzira dzinonetsa dziripo dzinovimbisa kuti bhizinesi resainzi rinozvigadzirisa, iro rinokonzerwa nerusununguko rwekufunga. Rusununguko rwesainzi chinhu chinodiwa. Zvisinei, sezvinosimbiswa neUNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR, 2005), rusununguko musainzi runofanira kuperekedzwa nebasa kune vanhu, nharaunda nevanhu vose. Rusununguko rwakaparadzaniswa nebasa runokonzera kusawirirana - rudzi rwekusazvibata umo sainzi inoshandira zvinangwa zvisinganzwisisike kana zvido zvakamanikana pane kubatsira veruzhinji.
Kutendeseka kwesainzi munharaunda dzedemocracy kunoenderana nekutevedzera kwayo misimboti yekujeka, kuzvidavirira uye kururamisira. Kutsvaga chokwadi kwakavakirwa musainzi. Zvisinei, kune kusava nechokwadi kuripo mukuita uku, izvo zvinounza zvipingamupinyi zviri pachena (nezvikanganiso). Maonero akasiyana-siyana etsika netsika anofanirwawo kufungwa nezvawo. Izvi, pamwe chete nekujeka uye kuvhurika, hazvisi kushaya simba asi zviratidzo zvekukura kwepfungwa. Sainzi inova panjodzi yekuona vanhu vepamusoro-soro uye kushandiswa kana izvi zvikatsiviwa nekudzivirira kana kuzvimiririra, izvo zvinokurumidza kuderedza kuvimbika uye kusimbisa nyaya dzinoratidza sainzi iri kure nehupenyu hwevanhu.
Mushumo wemusangano weISC-JRC unoratidzawo kuti ruzivo rwenhema runowanikwa munzvimbo umo sainzi inoonekwa seyepamusoro-soro kana kuti isina kujeka. Saka, kusimbisa kuvimbana neveruzhinji hakungorevi kugadzirisa nhema chete asiwo kusimudzira kuvimbika—kuita kuti maitiro ekutsvagisa nemazano ave ekutora chikamu, anosanganisira vanhu vose uye ave netsika dzakanaka.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura kumanikidzwa 'kuburitsa kana kuparara' Muzvikoro zvakagadzira tsika itsva yekuzviongorora umo mukurumbira, kukwidziridzwa uye mari zvakabatana zvisina kuenzana nematanho ekuburitsa mabhuku uye huwandu hwemashoko akanyorwa. Izvi zvinosimudzira kusarudzwa, zvinosimudzira maitiro ekunyora asina hunhu, uye maropafadzo emasangano muGlobal North, uye zvinoisa pasi kutsvagurudza kwenzvimbo kana kukosha kwenharaunda. Mhedzisiro yacho inyaya isinganzwisisike: sainzi inosimudzira ruzivo mukati asi inoita seisina zvinodiwa nenharaunda nenyika.
Kukanganisa kwakadaro kune zvakunoreva zvakanyanya pakuvimbana. Kana marongerwo emubayiro esainzi achiita seasina kuenderana nezvido zveveruzhinji, vagari vanoona nzanga yesainzi seinozvipira pane yeruzhinji. The Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment (CoARA) yakaedza kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku nekukurudzira masisitimu ekuongorora anoona mhedzisiro dzakasiyana-siyana—kusanganisira kugovana data, maitiro esainzi akasununguka, dzidzo, kubatanidzwa kwemitemo uye kushanda pamwe chete munharaunda.
Saka, ongororo yekutsvagisa inoenderana netsika dzakanaka dzekuvimbika uye kuzvidavirira. Saka, iyi haisi kungochinja maitiro chete asi inyaya yetsika, inosanganisira kuvapo kwevanhu uye inodzoreredza kubatana pakati pezvinangwa nemaitiro esainzi. Nekukoshesa kubatanidzwa uye kuvhurika pamwe chete neunyanzvi, kuvandudzwa mukuongororwa kwekutsvagisa kunogona kushandura tsika yesainzi kuita iyo inokurudzira kuvimbika kuburikidza nebasa uye pachena pane kukwikwidza uye kusarudzwa.
Makore angangoita makumi maviri apfuura, mushumo weUNESCO COMEST pamusoro peTeaching of Ethics (2003) wakasimbisa kuti tsika haisi chinhu chekuwedzera pakudzidziswa kwesainzi asi chikamu chehunyanzvi hwebasa. Kuziva tsika kunofanirwa kukudziridzwa kuburikidza nedzidzo, mazano uye tsika dzemasangano muzvikamu zvese. Tsika dzekudzidzisa dzinopa masayendisiti simba rekuziva mhedzisiro yebasa ravo munharaunda uye kufunga nezvekusawirirana kwemitengo kunobva mukutsvagisa nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva.
Kubatanidza tsika dzakanaka mudzidzo yesainzi chishandiso chine simba mukusimbisa basa remasangano ekutsvagisa pamwe chete. Zvinovaka izvo COMEST anodana a 'tsika yekuziva tsika dzakanaka', uko kufungisisa nezvemutoro kunova tsika yezuva nezuva kwete chinodiwa chekunze. Dambudziko iri rinogona kuva nzira yekuvimbisa kusimba kubva pamashoko enhema nekupa masayendisiti mukana wekutaura kusava nechokwadi nekujeka uye kuzvininipisa—kukurudzira kuvimba kuburikidza nekubatana kwetsika kwete simba chete.
Dzidzo yetsika inogadzirisawo musiyano uripo pakati perusununguko nemutoro, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti kuzvitonga kwesainzi hakuzoparadzirwi kuita kuti vanhu vazviparadzanise. Inoisa kuferefeta kwesainzi mukati mehurongwa hwakakura hwehunhu, ichiyeuchidza vaongorori kuti sainzi inobatsira kukudzwa nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vese.
Kuvimba nesainzi kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekusarongeka kwezvimiro muruzivo rwepasi rose. Mushumo weInternational Bioethics Committee (IBC) pamusoro peSolidarity and Cooperation (2023) unoratidza kuti mabhenefiti esainzi netekinoroji anoramba akagoverwa zvisina kuenzana pakati peGlobal North neGlobal South. Kusawirirana kuripo mumari, zvivakwa uye mukana wekuwana data kunosimbisa musiyano uripo pakati pevagadziri veruzivo nevanopinza ruzivo.
Kusiyana uku kunounza maonero akasiyana nezvesainzi: nepo vagadziri vachiona kudzokororwa nekukakavadzana sechinhu chakakosha pakufambira mberi, vanopinza zvinhu vanogona kutsanangura chiitiko chimwe chete sehumbowo hwekusavimbika kana kumanikidzwa kwekunze. IBC inoratidza kuti kubatana kunofanirwa kuitwa kuburikidza nenzira dzekuremerwa nekugovaniswa kwezvibatsiro, zvichiita kuti pave nekubatanidzwa kwakaenzana mukugadzirwa nekushandiswa kweruzivo.
Kugoverwa kusina kuenzana kwemajekiseni eCOVID-19 kwakaratidza kuti kubatana kwenyika yose kunogona kunge kusina kusimba kana hunyanzvi hwesainzi hukasiyana neruramisiro yekugovera. Saizvozvowo, kuiswa kwehurongwa hwakagadzirwa kunze - semuenzaniso, mukutonga kwehungwaru hwekugadzira - kune njodzi yekubereka kuvimba nezvirwere uye kuparadzaniswa netsika.
Chinyorwa 13 cheUDBHR chinosimbisa kubatana nekushandira pamwe senheyo dzetsika dzekufambira mberi kwesainzi, nepo Chinyorwa 24 chichida kuti pave nekukurukurirana kwenyika dzese uye kuvaka kugona kuderedza kusarongeka. Izvi zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kuvimba nesainzi hakugone kukura mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kururama. Saka kuvaka kuvimbana kunosanganisira kukurudzira kubatana kwakaenzana, kusimbisa zvirongwa zvesainzi yakasununguka uye kutsigira zvirongwa zvekuvaka kugona zvinogonesa nyika dzese kutora chikamu zvine musoro mukugadzira ruzivo rwepasi rose.
Kugadzira mitemo yakavakirwa pauchapupu, pakati pekusawirirana kwezvido, hakusi nyaya yekushandisa data rakarurama kana kubvumirana kwenyanzvi. Vanoita sarudzo vanogona kushandisa sainzi sechombo chekupikisa kana kuita kuti sarudzo dziite sedzinokosha. Neimwe nzira, kana vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vachiti 'vanotevera sainzi', vanowanzo furatira kutonga kwakakosha kuri mumazano esainzi. Nokudaro, hukama hwekuzvidavirira kwetsika pakati pesainzi, mutemo nenzanga hunodiwa. Saka mitemo yakavakirwa musainzi inofanira kuramba yakavhurika kuti iongororwe tsika uye ikurukurwe nedemocracy.
Kukura kwekuvimbana kwakakosha—kuvimbana mumaitiro esainzi pamwe chete nekuziva miganhu yayo—zvinopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekudyidzana kwesainzi nemutemo pane kutenda kusina kujeka kana kusava nechokwadi. Mitemo yetsika dzehupenyu inopa nzira yekusimbisa hukama uhwu: kuvimbika, kubatsirana, kururamisira, kuzvitonga, kubatana uye kuvimbika. Kuisa misimboti iyi mukuita tsvakurudzo, kuongororwa kwedzidzo nekutonga kunobvumira sainzi kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwayo sebhizinesi repfungwa neretsika.
Kuvakazve kuvimba nesainzi hakugone kuvimba nekunyengetedza chete. Zvinoda kuti sainzi ive yakavimbika zvinooneka—yakavhurika, yakarurama, inobatanidza vanhu vose uye inozviongorora ine tsika dzakanaka. Matambudziko akabatana ekusaziva, kusaruramisira uye zvematongerwo enyika haagone kugadziriswa chete nesainzi kana vagadziri vemitemo asi kuburikidza nekuzvipira patsva kutsika dzetsika nekubatana kwenyika, nekubatanidzwa kukuru kwenzanga yakakura.
Sezvakataurwa neIBC neCOMEST, tsika dzinofanira kupindira muzvirongwa zvedzidzo, kuongorora nekutonga. Kuchengetedza rusununguko rwesainzi, kusimbisa masangano esainzi, uye kuvaka hukama pamwe chete nekushandira pamwe kunze kwemiganhu hazvisi zvishuwo zvehunyanzvi chete; zvakare zvinhu zvetsika zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa. Sainzi chete ndiyo inogona kuzadzisa chibvumirano chayo chemagariro evanhu uye kutungamira kugadzira marongero munyika iri kuchinja inozivikanwa nekusava nechokwadi, kuvimbana uye kusaruramisira kuri kukura.
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