Purofesa Zeinab Osman
Muongorori weSustainable Biomaterials uye aimbova Mutungamiriri Mukuru weNational Center for Research, Sudan
Yaifanira kunge iri bhuku rekutanga repasi rose remumwe wevadzidzi vangu vemaster.
Mushure memwedzi yakawanda yekushanda murabhoritari, boka redu rekutsvagisa rakabudirira kugadzira mapaneru emhando dzakasiyana-siyana asingakuvadzi nharaunda eindasitiri yefenicha tichishandisa mhando dzemiti yeSudanese dzisingashandiswe zvakanyanya. Takanga tabvisawo mishonga yechisikigo yephenolic kubva mumakwati emiti iyi kuti tigadzire chinhu chinobva kuzvinhu zvipenyu chinoderedza kuburitswa kwe formaldehyde kubva kumanamira ehuni echinyakare. Chirongwa ichi chakaratidza kuti zviwanikwa zvemasango emuno zvinogona kushandurwa kuita zvinhu zvakachengeteka uye zvinogara kwenguva refu uku zvichigadzira kukosha kwakawedzerwa kubva kumarudzi asingatariswe.
Takadada nemhedzisiro yacho. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, takafara kuti ichi chaizova chinyorwa chekutanga chepasi rose chemuongorori wechidiki ane tarenda pakutanga kwebasa rake resainzi.
Patakaendesa gwaro iri kumagazini yepasi rose yakasarudzika, taitarisira kutsoropodzwa kwesainzi, zvakataurwa nevaongorori uye pamwe zvikumbiro zvekugadziriswazve. Pane kudaro, takaudzwa kuti, sezvo Sudan yaive pasi pezvirango zveUS panguva iyoyo, muparidzi webhuku aisagona kufunga nezvezvakatumirwa nemasangano eSudan.
Kunyangwe izvi zvaive zvirango zveUS, migumisiro yazvo yakapararira kure kupfuura United States. Vabudisi vazhinji vesainzi vaishanda semasangano epasi rose uye vakaisa mitemo yekutevedzera zvirango mumabasa avo ese epasi rose.
Pepa iri rakazoburitswa mumagazini yedunhu rakaongororwa nevezera redu uye takafara kuti tsvakiridzo iyi yakawana musha wesainzi. Asi ndagara ndichishamisika kuti basa remuongorori wechidiki iyeye ringadai rakatanga zvakasiyana sei dai bhuku rake rekutanga rakasvika munharaunda yesainzi yepasi rose.
Chiitiko ichocho chakandidzidzisa kuti mutengo mukuru wekuparadzaniswa nesainzi hauwanzoyerwa nemapepa anorambwa. Unoyerwa nemikana isingambopiwi.
Nhaka yesainzi yeSudan inodzokera shure kwemakore anopfuura zana. Tsvagiridzo yezvekurima yakarongwa yakatanga muna 1902, ichiteverwa nekugadzwa kweWellcome Tropical Research Laboratories muna 1905. Tsvagiridzo yezvekurapa paYunivhesiti yeKhartoum uye kugadzwa kweNational Center for Research muna 1970 zvakasimbisa hwaro hwesainzi hwenyika. Muna 1991, National Council for Research yakagadziriswazve uye yakasarudzwazve se Nzvimbo yeNyika yeKutsvagisa (NCR), iyo inoramba ichishanda senzvimbo huru yekutsvagisa yenyika yeSudan.
Kwemakumi emakore, Sudan yakavaka masangano ekutsvagisa anoremekedzwa uye yakagadzira zvizvarwa zvevasayendisiti vane hunyanzvi hwepamusoro. Kusvika pakupera kwema1980, National Council for Research yakakwezva rutsigiro kubva kune vadyidzani vepasi rose muEurope neNorth America, uye vaongorori vekuSudan vakabatsira mukufambira mberi mune zvekurima, mishonga, mainjiniya, uye sainzi yechisikigo.
Kuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika kwa1989 nezvirango zvakaiswa neUS muna 1995 zvakachinja nzira iyoyo. United States yakatora Sudan seState Sponsor of Terrorism muna 1993, ichitaura nezvekutsigira kwaiitwa nehurumende yeSudan masangano emagandanga epasi rose. Muna 1997, US yakaisa zvirango zvehupfumi zvakanyanya kuburikidza Executive Order 13067, vachitaura nezvekunetseka pamusoro pehugandanga, kuchengetedzeka kwedunhu uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Migumisiro yacho yakapararira kupfuura hupfumi. Tsvagiridzo yesainzi yakaramba ichiparadzaniswa neveruzhinji rwepasi rose.
Chidzidzo 1: Kubudirira kwesainzi hakungobvi pavaongorori vane tarenda uye marabhoritari ane zvigadzirwa zvakakwana chete, asiwo pakuwana ruzivo rwesainzi yepasi rose.
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blog Ndakadzokera kuSudan mushure mekupedza PhD yangu muScience and Industrial Technology paYunivhesiti yeLorraine muFrance uye postdoctoral fellowship muPolymers School of Chemistry, iyo University of the Witwatersrand muSouth Africa muna 2006. Ndakashanda munzvimbo dzekutsvaga dzakabatana nedzimwe nyika, ndakanga ndajaira kushanda pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika uye kubudisa mabhuku mumagazini epasi rose ane mukurumbira.
Muna 2010, ndakava Mutungamiriri weInstitute of Technological Research, NCR, nechido chikuru uye kutsunga kusimbisa tsvakurudzo yesainzi muSudan. Bazi reMari rakatsigira zvikuru kuvandudzwa kwemalaboratory edu. Mari yaivepo yekutenga michina yesainzi yepamusoro, asi kuwana zvishandiso izvi kwakava dambudziko risingatarisirwi. Vatengesi vazhinji vepasi rose vakaramba kutengesa michina yelabhoritari kana zvikamu zvakakosha kumasangano eSudan nekuda kwezvirango. Kunyangwe matanho aya ainyanya kunanga kuhurumende yeSudan, kushandiswa kwawo nemakambani epasi rose kwaiwanzoenderera mberi kumabasa makuru ekutengeserana. Makambani akatora mitemo yakasimba yekutevedzera zvirango mumasangano avo epasi rose, zvichireva kuti vaongorori vekuSudan vakasangana nezvipingamupinyi kunyangwe pavaitaura nevatengesi nemasangano ari kunze kweUnited States. Matambudziko aya haana kungokanganisa kuwana michina yesainzi nezvinhu zvekutsvagisa chete asiwo kutora chikamu kwakakura muhurongwa hwesainzi hwepasi rose, kusanganisira mikana yekuburitsa uye yekushandira pamwe. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, makambani ari munyika dziri pedyo aisakwanisawo kupa zvinhu zvakakosha nekuti aive makambani epasi rose, vagovanisi, kana vadyidzani vemakambani epasi rose aifanirwa kutevedzera zvirambidzo izvi.
Zvipingamupinyi izvi zvakakonzera kukura kwekuparadzaniswa kwevasayendisiti vekuSudan kubva munharaunda yevaongorori vepasi rose, zvichideredza mikana yekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese, mukana wekuwana zviwanikwa zvesainzi uye kugona kuita tsvakiridzo padanho rinodiwa kuti pave nemakwikwi epasi rose.
Kukanganiswa kwekuparadzaniswa kwakaratidzwawo mumikana yakarasikirwa yekusimbisa kugona kwekutsvaga. Semuenzaniso, hatina kukwanisa kubatsirwa zvizere nedzimwe nzira dzesainzi dzepasi rose, kusanganisira mikana ine chekuita nekutanga nekutsigira zvivakwa zvemarabhoritari zvepamusoro. Mikana iyi yakarasikirwa yaireva zvinopfuura kurasikirwa nemidziyo kana zvivakwa; yakaganhurira kugona kwevaongorori kukudziridza hunyanzvi hutsva, kutanga network uye kutora chikamu zvizere munharaunda yesainzi yepasi rose.
Mushure memwedzi yakawanda ndichiedza zvisina kubudirira, ndakatendeukira kune vamwe vatengesi ndisingade. Kunonoka kwacho kwakambomisa mapurojekiti ekutsvagisa uye kwakamanikidza vadzidzi vangu vemasters kuti vawedzere zvidzidzo zvavo neanopfuura gore.
Pakupedzisira, marabhoritari edu akatanga kushanda uye vaongorori vedu vakagadzira mabasa epamusoro-soro esainzi.
Taifunga kuti chikamu chakaoma chakanga chapera. Kutaura chokwadi, chakanga chichangobva kutanga.
Kuburitsa mabhuku kwakava chimwe chipingamupinyi.
Kune vaongorori vazhinji, bepa rinogamuchirwa rinomiririra zvakawanda kupfuura rimwe divi pane curriculum vitae. Kuziva kuti makore ekushanda nesimba akabatsira mukusimudzira ruzivo. Ndaiwanzoyeuka makore angu muSouth Africa, uko vandaishanda navo vaipemberera bhuku rega rega idzva pamwe chete.
Kudzokera kuSudan, ndakaona vaongorori vachipedza mwedzi yakawanda, dzimwe nguva makore, vachigadzira sainzi yakanaka kwazvo, asi ndakaona kuti kuigovana nenyika dzepasi rose kwaigona kuoma kupfuura kuita tsvakurudzo yacho pachayo. Ndaiwanzozviwana ndichifunga nezvenguva yandakaisa mari, makemikari mashoma emurabhoritari, mari yeruzhinji, kuzvipira kwevadzidzi uye maawa asingaverengeki akapedzerwa murabhoritari. Kurasikirwa chaiko kwaisangova gwaro risina kuburitswa chete. Kwaiva kurasikirwa kusingaonekwe kwemikana yesainzi.
Kuonekwa kwesainzi kunoenderana nezvinopfuura zvinyorwa zvemagazini. Kuvapo kwakasimba kwewebhusaiti kunobvumira vaongorori kugovera basa ravo, kuvaka kushandira pamwe uye kuratidza kugona kwavo kwesainzi kupasi rose. Asi kunyangwe iyi nzira yekutanga yekuonekwa yaiwanzove isingawanikwe nesu. Mumakore angu kuNational Center for Research, kuedza kakawanda kugadzira webhusaiti yepamutemo yeCenter nemasangano ayo ekutsvagisa hakuna kubudirira nekuti mukana wekuwana mawebhusaiti akakosha uye masevhisi edhijitari ane chekuita nawo wakavharwa pasi pezvirango zveUS. Nekuda kweizvozvo, basa rakawanda resainzi reSudan rakaramba risingaonekwe nevanhu vepasi rose vekutsvagisa, zvichideredza mikana yekushandira pamwe, kuzivikanwa uye kuchinjana ruzivo.
Chidzidzo 2: Kuparadzaniswa kwesainzi kunopfuura kungoburitswa kwemashoko. Kunoderedza kuonekwa, kunoderedza kushanda pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda, kunoodza mwoyo chizvarwa chinotevera chevaongorori uye pakupedzisira kunononotsa hunyanzvi hwesainzi.
Pandakatanga kutungamira mukutsvaga ruzivo, kutanga seMutungamiriri wesangano rangu uye gare gare seMutungamiriri Mukuru weNational Center for Research, ndakatanga kuona kuti ichi chaive chiitiko chisina kungoitika chega. Chaive chinetso chakakomba mapoka mazhinji ekutsvaga ruzivo.
Chimwe chaindinetsa zvikuru: Vaongorori vane tarenda vairamba vachitendeukira kumamagazini anotsvaga vanhu nekuti nzira dzepamutemo dzekuburitsa mabhuku dzakanga dzava kuoma kuwana. Masayendisiti madiki paakauya kuhofisi yangu achizivisa nekuzvikudza kuti mapepa avo akanga agamuchirwa, ndaiwanzozviwana ndisina chokwadi chekuti ndovakorokotedza here kana kuti ndosuruvara nemamiriro ezvinhu akanga avasiya vasina sarudzo dzakawanda.
Izvi zvakaita kuti ndironge zvidzidzo zvetsika dzekuburitsa mabhuku uye majenari ezvekupamba, ndichitanga nesangano rangu uye gare gare ndichiwedzera mabasa aya muNational Center for Research.
Dambudziko harina kumbova kushaikwa kweunyanzvi hwesainzi. Kwaiva kusawirirana kuri kukura pakati pevaongorori vane hunyanzvi nehurongwa hwepasi rose hwekubudisa zvinyorwa zvesainzi.
Chidzidzo 3: Kuburitsa zvinyorwa zvisiri pamutemo hakusi nguva dzose kunokonzerwa nesarudzo dzisina kunaka dzinoitwa nevaongorori vega vega. Dzimwe nguva zvinoratidza zvipingamupinyi zvakakura mukati mehurongwa hwekutsvaga hwepasi rose.
Kana kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe kwaive chikamu chedambudziko, kushanda pamwe chete kwaifanira kuva chikamu chemhinduro.
Ndakakurudzira vaongorori kuti vagadzire hukama hwenyika dzepasi rose, vagadzire mapurojekiti ekutsvagisa pamwe chete uye vaburitse mabhuku nevanoshanda navo kunze kwenyika pese paimuka mikana. Takabatsirwawo zvikuru nesainzi yeSudan iri kunze kwenyika kuburikidza Zvirongwa zveUnited Nations zvakaita seTOKTEN, izvo zvakabatsira kubatanidza vaongorori vekuSudan nenharaunda yesainzi yepasi rose. uye zvakasimudzira tsvakiridzo yekuSudan pamisangano yepasi rose, kusanganisira muUSA.
Takashandisawo zvirongwa zvekufamba kwemajoini zvakaita se NAPATA, inotsigirwa nemari neSudan Ministry of Higher Education and Campus FranceIzvi zvakatibvumira kuchinjana vaongorori nevadzidzi vepashure pekudzidza pakati peSudan neFrance. Kunze kwekuzivikanwa kwehunyanzvi, kushanya uku kwakabatsira zvikuru mupfungwa: kuona kuti marabhoritari avo epamba aishandisa michina yakafanana nezvivakwa zvepamusoro zveFrance kwakabatsira vaongorori vedu vechidiki kubvisa kunzwa kwekuve "mushure menyika" uye vakatsiva kuzviparadzanisa nekuvimba kwechokwadi kwehunyanzvi.
Kubatana pakati pevaongorori nevaongorori kwakachinjawo. Pandakasangana nenyanzvi yesainzi yekuAmerica pamusangano muEurope, akabvuma kuti kunyange zvazvo aisakwanisa kubhadhara mari yekufunda muUS, aive nehukama hwakasimba nemayunivhesiti akati wandei ekuChina. Hurukuro iyoyo yechokwadi yakavhura mubatanidzwa nemasangano ane mukurumbira ekuChina, zvichindibvumira kutumira vadzidzi vanomwe vedoctorate kunotsvaga ruzivo rwepamusoro, pamwe chete nenyanzvi yezvekurapa kuti vawane kudzidziswa kwakakosha.
Kushanda pamwe chete kwangu nedzimwe nyika kwakaratidza kuti kushandira pamwe uku kunogona kuchinja sei. Kushanda pamwe chete kwakavhura mikana yekubatana kutsva, kwakavandudzika kuonekwa, kwakasimbisa hunhu hwekutsvagisa uye kwakagadzira mikana ingadai isina kuwanikwa.
Chidzidzo 4: Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda kwakava chinhu chinopfuura kungoshanda mune zvedzidzo chete. Kwakava nzira yehupenyu. Kwakaratidza ruzivo rweSudan pasi rose ukuwo kuchivhura nzira dzakakosha dzepasi rose kune masayendisiti edu. Nekudzorera chivimbo nekuonekwa, hukama uhwu hwakachinja kuzviparadzanisa kwenzvimbo kuita kutora chikamu kwepasi rose.
Kunyangwe chinyorwa ichi chakavakirwa pachiitiko cheSudan, ndinotenda kuti shoko racho rinopfuura zvakanyanya.
Nhasi uno, kusawirirana, kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvirambidzo zvehupfumi nezvimwe zvinetso zvepasi rose zviri kuramba zvichikanganisa vaongorori munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Pose apo masayendisiti anoparadzaniswa nemasangano epasi rose, mhedzisiro yacho inodarika mabasa emunhu. Masisitimu ese ekutsvagisa anorasikirwa nekuonekwa, hunyanzvi hunononoka uye njodzi dzeruzivo rwakakosha hadzionekwe.
Kuchengetedza kushandira pamwe kwesainzi pasi rose hakusi kungotsigira vaongorori vega vega, asi kuchengetedza kugona kwevanhu kugadzira ruzivo, kugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose uye kudzidzisa chizvarwa chinotevera chemasayendisiti.
Ndichitarisa shure kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu ndiri mukutsvaga, semusayendisiti, mutungamiri wekutsvaga uye Mutungamiriri Mukuru weNational Center for Research yeSudan, ndasvika pakutenda kuti njodzi huru kusainzi haisi kushaya tarenda kana mazano. Kuzviparadzanisa nesainzi.
MuSudan, kuparadzaniswa ikoko hakuna kubuda pachena. Asi, kwakaitika kwemakore akawanda nekuda kwezvisarudzo zvematongerwo enyika, zvirango zvepasi rose uye kusagadzikana kwenguva refu kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika.
Sudan payakasarudzwa neUnited States seHurumende Inotsigira Hugandanga, kushandira pamwe kwesainzi kwenyika dzakawanda kwakawedzera kuoma. Zvirambidzo zvemari, zvipingamupinyi pakutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda uye mitemo yekungwarira yakagamuchirwa nemasangano mazhinji, vaburitsi vemabhuku nemasangano emari zvakagadzira zvipingamupinyi zvakapfuura zvematongerwo enyika. Kunyangwe matanho aya akanangidzirwa kuhurumende, migumisiro yawo yakatakurwa nevaongorori vega vega, mayunivhesiti nemasangano esainzi asina basa mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika akakonzera izvozvo. Mugumisiro wacho waive kuparadzaniswa zvishoma nezvishoma kwenharaunda yese yesainzi kubva mukutsinhana ruzivo rwepasi rose.
Sainzi inokura kana ruzivo, vaongorori nepfungwa vachigona kufamba vakasununguka vachiyambuka miganhu. Kunyange zvazvo masisitimu esainzi achishanda mukati memamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika, mukana wekuwana ruzivo rwesainzi nekushandira pamwe zvinofanirwa kuramba zvakavhurika uye zvichisanganisira zvese sezvinobvira. Kudzivirira kuchinjana kwesainzi kubva kumatambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika kwakakosha kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti vaongorori vane tarenda, chero kwavanowanikwa, vanogona kubatsira mukugadzirisa matambudziko anotarisana nevanhu.
Ruzivo rwesainzi runokura kana rwukagovaniswa kune dzimwe nyika. Saka kuve nechokwadi chekuti muongorori wese ane mukana wekubatsira mubhizinesi iri rinogovaniswa, harisi basa resainzi chete, asiwo kuzvipira kune zvakanakira veruzhinji pasi rose uye nhaka yedu yesainzi inogovaniswa. Matambudziko makuru pasi rose, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, denda, kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu uye budiriro inoenderera mberi, hazvigone kugadziriswa nenzanga dzesainzi dziri dzoga.
Zvakaitika kuSudan zvinoratidza kuti kugona kwesainzi hakutsamiri panzvimbo kana zvematongerwo enyika. Pasinei nemakumi emakore ekuzviparadzanisa, masayendisiti ekuSudan akaramba achibatsira mukuedza kwesainzi pasi rose. Muenzaniso mumwe chete unokosha ndewekuti Dr. Balgis Osman-Elasha weHigher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR), uyo akashanda semunyori mukuru weIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Basa reIPCC rakacherechedzwa ne 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, yakapihwa pamwe chete kuIPCC naAl Gore. 33˒4 Kubudirira uku kunoratidza kuti masayendisiti anobva kunyika dziri kutarisana nekuzviparadzanisa mune zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi anogona kupa mipiro inokosha mukugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose kana akapihwa mukana wekubatanidzwa mukudyidzana kwesainzi kwenyika dzese. Kusabvisa masayendisiti nekuda kwekusawirirana, zvirango, kana zvipingamupinyi zvematongerwo enyika hakungokanganisi vanhu chete; kunobvisa nharaunda yepasi rose ruzivo runogona kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko anotibata tese.
Dzidza zvakawanda nezvebasa redu pa sainzi munguva dzenhamo.
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Ruzivo, mafungiro uye mazano anowanikwa mumablog edu evashanyi ndeevanhu vakapawo pfungwa dzavo uye hazvirevi hazvo kuti zvinoratidzwa netsika nezvitendero zveInternational Science Council.
Verenga zvakawanda nezveSainzi Munguva Dzematambudziko 
Verenga zvakawanda nezve mikana yekutsigira kufamba muMusangano weVari Nhengo wepakati pegore Verenga zvakawanda nezve Kuita tsvakurudzo yetsika munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika ine hunhu hwakaganhurirwa Verenga zvakawanda nezveSainzi yemazuva ano: zvinhu zvinotungamira shanduko muhurongwa hwenyika, tekinoroji uye magariro evanhu 