Nezvomunyori:
Walter Britto Gaspar muongorori paCenter for Technology and Society paFGV Law School, Rio de Janeiro. Akapedza kudzidza paFGV Rio de Janeiro Law School muna 2015 uye ane dhigirii reMasters muCollective Health kubva kuInstitute of Social Medicine paUERJ (2017), kwaakadzidza kubatana kuripo pakati pekuvandudza, pfuma yepfungwa, uye mukana wekuwana mishonga. Akawana bhezari paFundação Botín's Training Program for Public Function muLatin America (2013), uye akaenderera mberi nekushanda semuongorori paFiocruz neShuttleworth Foundation papurojekiti ine chekuita nepfuma yepfungwa uye mukana wekuwana mishonga (2017). Akashandawo seNational Coordinator weNGO Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (2013–2016).
Sechikamu che Science Systems Futures chirongwa, ISC inotsvaga kudzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu kuti matekinoroji ari kubuda ari kushandura sei tsika yepasi rose uye kurongeka kwesainzi. Vanyori vakasarudzwa kubva munharaunda yeISC vakakokwa kuti vafungisise nezvezvinoreva munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi.
Kodzero dzepfuma yepfungwa (IP) pamusoro peruzivo ndidzo dzinotsigira hupfumi hwakawanda hwanhasi. Kubva kumishonga nesoftware kusvika kurima nesimba rakachena, kukosha kuri kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwete chete kuburikidza nezvinhu zvemuviri asiwo kuburikidza nekutsvagisa, data, uye hunyanzvi. Maindasitiri matsva neakajairika ari kuramba achivimba nedata neruzivo rwesainzi, kusvika pakuti ave midziyo inokosha isingabatike inoumba kuronga kwehurumende uye sarudzo dzekudyara mari mubhizinesi zvakafanana.
Asi, hurongwa hwepasi rose hwezvinhu zvepfungwa hunogona kunge huri kukanganisa hunyanzvi uye huchiwedzera kusaenzana. 2% yemabasa ese ekupa kodzero pasi rose inobva kuLatin America neCaribbean neAfrica, uko kune nyika zhinji dzepasi rose dziri kuSouth. Nhamba iyi yazvino kubva kuWorld Intellectual Property Organization inoratidza kuti hunyanzvi hutsva huchiri kudzorwa zvakanyanya neGlobal North.
Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva hakusi nzira iri nyore iyo ruzivo rwesainzi runofamba zvakanaka kubva murabhoritari kuenda kumusika sezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi matsva. Asi, rwuri muhurongwa hwakaoma hwemagariro evanhu umo ruzivo rwunovandudzwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana pakati pevaongorori, maindasitiri nehurumende. Kare kuma1940, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Joseph Schumpeter akatsanangura mukurumbira wekuti hunyanzvi hunochinja sei hupfumi kuburikidza ne "kuparadza zvinhu zvitsva," achiunza zvigadzirwa zvitsva nenzira uku achichinja marongerwo aripo ekubudirira.
Padanho rayo rekutanga, kodzero dzepfungwa dzinodzivirira zvinhu zvitsva, mabrandi, uye mabasa ekugadzira, zvichibvumira varidzi vazvo kuzvipa marezenisi kana kudzivirira vamwe kuti vasazvishandise. Kodzero idzi dzakavakirwa pakuchinjana: vagadziri vanowana kusarudzika kwenguva pfupi vachichinjana nekuzivisa pfungwa dzavo pachena. Nekuburitsa mapatenti, mabhuku, uye zviratidzo zvekutengeserana, nzanga inogona kubatsirwa neruzivo rwakagovaniswa, nepo vagadziri vachipihwa mubairo wedziviriro yepamutemo. Zvisinei, chiyero ichi chinoratidza sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika nemamiriro ekare pane musimboti wehupfumi usina kwawakarerekera.
Kunyange zvazvo patent dzekare nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzakatanga kare mazana emakore akati wandei, munguva yemakore makumi mavirith Mitemo yeIP yezana remakore yakawedzera zvikuru, kunyanya muna 1995 payakabatanidzwa neWorld Trade Organization, kuburikidza ne Zvikamu zvine chekuita nekutengeserana zveChibvumirano cheKodzero dzePfuma yeUngwaru (TRIPS). Chibvumirano ichi chaisanganisira "nguva dzenyasha" dzenyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dzishandukire kuhurongwa hutsva, pamwe ne "kuchinja-chinja" kunobvumira hurumende kugadzirisa dziviriro dzeIP kuitira kufarira veruzhinji, senge hutano, budiriro, kana mukana wekuwana tekinoroji.
Pasinei nezvinodiwa izvi, TRIPS yakarambidzwa zvakanyanya nenyika zhinji dzemuSouth Africa.
Nyika dzakapfuma dzakataurirana dzichiri panzvimbo yakanaka yekusimudzira maindasitiri, zvichibva pakubatana kwemasangano akawanda akagadzirirwa kusimudzira sainzi, hunyanzvi, uye kutengeserana, kusanganisira masangano ezvemagariro evanhu. Kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira, kuwedzera mitemo yeTRIPS kwaiwanzoreva kuvhara nzira yekusimudzira maindasitiri nebudiriro kana - sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yezvehupfumi Ha-Joon Chang "kutanga manera".
Asi, IP ichiri kukwanisa kukurudzira hunyanzvi hutsva muGlobal South kana ikabatanidzwa mumitemo yakakura inokwezva mabhizinesi matsva akavakirwa patekinoroji uye inodzivisa kushaikwa kwepfungwa. Masayendisiti atove neruzivo rwakawanda zvishoma nezvishoma nezvekudiwa kwekushandura mhedzisiro yesainzi kuita zvinhu zvinotengeswa, nemayunivhesiti mazhinji nemasangano esainzi atove atanga mitemo ine chekuita nemapatenti muhukama hwavo neindasitiri.
Chinodiwa mutemo weindasitiri unoshanda, unoshanda unosimbisa kugona kwenyika. Mitemo mitsva inogona kuumba mikana yakajeka kune vaongorori yekugadzira makambani matsva uye kutanga makambani matsva zvichibva pakutsvagisa. Panguva imwe chete, hurumende dzinofanira kuvaka masangano anobatanidza masayendisiti, mabhizinesi, nemakambani muhurongwa hwekuvandudza hutsva hwenyika hwakabatana.
Zvakakoshawo kushandisa nzira dzeTRIPS dziripo. Kunyange hazvo maturusi aya emutemo achibvumira nyika kukoshesa zvido zveveruzhinji nekuvandudza tekinoroji yemuno, anowanzo kuoma kushandisa nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kurongeka kwakasimba uye kugona kwemutemo zvakakosha kuti zvigadzirwe izvi zvishande.
Muenzaniso unoshamisa wekuti izvi zvinogona kushanda sei mukuita unobva kuBrazil's Health Industrial-Economic Complex. Iyi sisitimu yekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva yakakura kuburikidza nekushandira pamwe pakati pemasangano esainzi ehurumende, vagadziri vemishonga inogadzirwa nemarudzi akasiyana uye zvirongwa zvehurumende zvekubhadhara mari, zvichitsigirwa nemitemo yakasimba nemirau kubva kuBrazilian Health Ministry. Denda reCOVID-19 parakasvika, iyi sisitimu yakasimba yakagonesa nyika kutora matekinoroji ekune dzimwe nyika, kutungamira kutsvagisa kwesainzi mukugadzira matekinoroji akakosha, uye kuronga patsva kugadzirwa kuti kusangane nezvinodiwa nehutano hwekukurumidzira.
Nyika dzepasi rose dziri kuSouth dzinofanira kuita nemaune kuti dzive nechokwadi chekuti pfuma yepfungwa inoshanda senzira yekuvaka kugona kwete nzira yekuvimba nayo. IP haisi chishandiso chisina kwayakarerekera. Kana ikasiyiwa kuti ishande yoga, inowanzo tsigira makambani makuru nehupfumi hwakapfuma, zvichisimbisa kusaenzana kuripo.
Kukohwa mabhenefiti eIP kunoenderana nekuti inotongwa sei uye inosanganiswa sei muzvirongwa zvakakura zvebudiriro. Kana ikabatana nekudyara kwakasimba kweveruzhinji, mutemo wemaindasitiri, uye masangano ekuvandudza, IP inogona kubatsira kuvhura mari, kukurudzira hunyanzvi hwemunharaunda, uye kutsigira kutapurirana kwetekinoroji kwakaringana. Ndipo chete panogona kubatsira masisitimu eruzivo akapfuma eGlobal South mukukura kwakabatana, kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvebudiriro yenyika uye kusimbisa ruzivo rwepasi rose.
Mufananidzo naGetty Images kuburikidza neUnsplash+
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