Nezvomunyori
Dr. Mohamed Zahir inyanzvi yezvemajini emasero uye mudzidzisi muDhipatimendi reBiochemistry neMolecular Biology paMuhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) muTanzania. Basa rake rinotarisa pakusimudzira majini evanhu nemishonga yezvemajini muAfrica kuburikidza nekutsvagisa, kudzidziswa uye kubatanidzwa kwemitemo.
Kana masayendisiti anobva kuAfrica achitaura nezvezvipingamupinyi zvekufamba, hurukuro inowanzo tendeukira kurwendo rwekuenda kuEurope kana kuNorth America. Kunonoka kwemavhiza nekuramba kwakaita kuti vaongorori vasapinde misangano, vatore mafellowship uye vatore chikamu mumisangano uko sarudzo dzinokanganisa sainzi yeAfrica dzinoitwa. Dambudziko iri riri kuramba richizivikanwa, kusanganisira neInternational Science Council, iyo iri kuongorora kuti zvirambidzo zvemavhiza zvinokanganisa sei kufamba kwesainzi pasi rose.
Chisinganyanyi kutariswa ndechekuti zvipingamupinyi zvakafanana zviripo muAfrica pachayo.
Semuenzaniso, muna 2023, masayendisiti akati wandei ekuNigeria aifanira kupinda musangano wekutanga weConsortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa paYunivhesiti yeWitwatersrand muJohannesburg. Mavhiza avo haana kugadziriswa nenguva, uye vakagamuchira vhiza yavo pazuva iro musangano wacho watopera (Nakweya, 2024).
Rwendo urwu rwakanga rusiri rwekubva kuAfrica kuenda kuEurope kana kuNorth America.
Yaiva boka revaongorori vemuAfrica vaiedza kupinda musangano wesainzi wemuAfrica mune imwe nyika yemuAfrica.
Nyaya iyi inoratidza dambudziko guru. Africa iri kuisa mari mumasangano ekutsvagisa edunhu, nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, kudzidziswa kwevapedza kudzidza, genomics, kugadzirira denda, sainzi yemamiriro ekunze nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinoenderana nekushandira pamwe chete kune dzimwe nyika. Asi vaongorori vanotarisirwa kuti vashande vanogona kunge vachiri kusangana nematanho ekuvhiza kwenguva refu, nguva dzisina chokwadi dzekugadzirisa, mabasa mashoma evamiriri vehurumende uye ndege dzinodhura kana dzisina kunanga.
Kondinendi iyi haina kushomeka kwemapurogiramu anoona kukosha kwekubatana. Agenda 2063 inoda Africa yakabatana umo sainzi, tekinoroji uye hunyanzvi zvinotsigira kufambira mberi uye nzanga ine ruzivo. Chibvumirano cheAfrican Union pamusoro peKufamba Kwakasununguka kweVanhu inopa hurongwa hwekufamba kwevanhu munyika yese, kusanganisira vadzidzi nevaongorori. Single African Air Transport Market Yakavambwa sechirongwa chikuru cheAgenda 2063 chekuvandudza kubatana uye kuderedza mutengo wekufamba pakati penyika dzemuAfrica.
Africa yakatogadzira hurongwa hwemitemo hwakasimba hwekubatana kwenharaunda. Dambudziko riripo iye zvino nderekushandura chiono ichocho kuita chiitiko chezuva nezuva chevaongorori vanofamba munyika yese.
The Mushumo weAfrica Visa Opening Report 2025, yakagadzirwa pamwe chete neAfrican Development Bank neAfrican Union Commission, inopa mufananidzo wakajeka wemamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino. Inoongorora mutemo wevhiza unoshandiswa nenyika yega yega yeAfrica kuvagari vemunyika dzese dzemuAfrica, ichisiyanisa pakati pekuwana mavhiza asina, mavhiza anowanikwa pakusvika, uye mvumo inodiwa usati wafamba.
Mushumo uyu unoratidza kuti 28.2% yenzira dzekufambisa vanhu muAfrica dzakanga dzisina mavhiza muna 2025, kubva pa20% apo nhamba iyi yakatanga muna 2016. Izvi zvinoratidza kufambira mberi kwakakosha. Huwandu hwenzira dzekufambisa vanhu munyika dzakasiyana dzakasvika 814 muna 2025, zvichienzaniswa ne803 muna 2024.
Asi kuvandudzika uku kunongotaura chikamu chenyaya yacho. Muna 2025, 51.1% yerwendo rwemuAfrica rwaida vhiza kana mvumo yakafanana vasati vabva, kuwedzera kubva pa47.1% muna 2024. Kupinda muVisa-on-arrival kwakadzikira kubva pa24.8% kusvika pa20.4%, chiyero chayo chakaderera kubva pakatangwa index.
Nhamba idzi dzinoratidza kuti kufambira mberi hakuna kurongeka kana kufanana. Dzimwe nyika dzakavhura miganhu yadzo zvakanyanya, nepo dzimwe dzakaunza zvinodiwa zvitsva kana kuchinja kubva pakuva nemavhiza pakusvika kuenda kumvumo yemagetsi. Kunyangwe e-visa ingave iri nyore kuwana pane vhiza yepepa yechinyakare, ichiri kuda mvumo mufambi asati atanga rwendo. Kune muongorori akamirira kupinda musangano kana chirongwa chekudzidziswa chipfupi, musiyano wacho ungasanyanyi kunyaradza kana mvumo ikasasvika nenguva.
Kusiyana kwenzvimbo dziri muAfrica kunoshamisawo. Mushumo weVisa Openness Report we2024 wakawana kuti 99% yemapurogiramu evhiza aive asina mavhiza mukati meEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Nhamba yakaenzana yaive 17% muCommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa uye 14% mukati meIntergovernmental Authority on Development. MuAfrica yese, mukana wekuwana mavhiza maviri chete waive 20.3%.
ECOWAS inoratidza kuti kufamba-famba kwenzvimbo dzakawanda kunogoneka kana zvisungo zvematongerwo enyika zvikashandiswa. Zvakaitika zvakasiyana-siyana mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenharaunda zvinoratidzawo kuti nei zvichinyengera kutaura nezvekufamba-famba kweAfrica sekunge mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana kwese kwese.
Kunyangwe kana mvumo yekupinda yapihwa, kusvika kune imwe nyika yeAfrica kunoramba kwakaoma. Kubatana zvakananga pakati pemaguta eAfrica kushoma, mitengo yekufambisa inowanzo kukwira, uye dzimwe nzendo dzinoda kubatana kuburikidza neEurope kana Middle East.
Sangano reInternational Air Transport Association rakatsanangura kubatana kwemukati meAfrica sedambudziko guru, nemabasa mashoma akananga uye mitengo yakakwira inokanganisa kufamba mukondinendi yese. Ongororo yayo yekusunungurwa kwemusika wendege yakawana kuti misika mizhinji yendege yemuAfrica yakaramba yakaganhurirwa nezvibvumirano zvenyika mbiri, kunyangwe zvakabvumidzwa Yamoussoukro Sarudzo muna 1999 - chibvumirano chakaitwa nemasangano akawanda eAfrica chekudzima mitemo yekufambisa ndege nekuvhura misika yendege yedunhu kuti ienderane nemakwikwi enyika dzakasiyana. Mushumo wacho wakagumisa kuti kuvhura misika iyi kunogona kuwedzera kuwanda kwenzira, kuderedza mitengo yendege uye kutsigira mabasa ehupfumi akakura.
Kune mienzaniso yatovepo yezvingaitwa nekuvandudzwa kwekubatana. Kusununguka pakati peSouth Africa neKenya kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwe69% kwevafambi. Kuunzwa kwebasa repasi pakati peJohannesburg neLusaka kwakateverwa nekudzikiswa kwemitengo yakaderera ne38% uye kuwedzera kwe38% kwevafambi.
Zvakawanikwa izvi zvine chekuita nehupfumi, asi zvazvinoreva kusainzi zvakananga. Network yekutsvagisa haigone kushanda zvakanaka kana misangano yenguva dzose ikatora chikamu chisingaenzaniswi chebhajeti rayo. Chirongwa chekudzidzisa chedunhu chinorasikirwa nemutengo kana vatori vechikamu vachifanira kutora ndege dzakawanda kuti vasvike kwachiri. Musayendisiti wechidiki anogona kupihwa mukana wakakosha asi asingakwanise kuushandisa nekuti mari yendege inodarika iyo mari yerubatsiro inogona kufukidza.
Misangano yepamhepo yakavandudza kutaurirana uye inofanira kuramba iri chikamu chekushandira pamwe kwesainzi. Zvisinei, haitsivi nzvimbo dzemarabhoritari, basa remumunda, kudzidziswa kwekiriniki, kuiswa kwemidziyo, kushanya kwekugadzira mienzaniso kana kutaurirana kusiri kwepamutemo kunovakwa kuburikidza nekuvimbana uye kudyidzana kwenguva refu.
Kudiwa kwekugadzirisa kufamba-famba kunouya panguva iyo sainzi yemuAfrica iri kuwedzera kushanda pamwe chete. Kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvinotapukira, kusakwanisa kurwisa utachiona, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu, kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, One Health uye mishonga ye genomic hazvigone kugadziriswa zvinobudirira mukati memiganhu yenyika chete.
H3Africa (Human Heredity and Health in Africa) inopa muenzaniso unobatsira. Chirongwa ichi chakatsigira zvidzidzo zvemajini evanhu zvakatungamirwa neAfrica ukuwo chichivaka hunyanzvi mumarabhoritari, bioinformatics, tsika dzakanaka uye biobanking munyika dzakawanda. Kukosha kwacho hakuna kungobva kumapurojekiti ega ega asiwo kubva mukubatanidza hunyanzvi nezvivakwa zvakapararira mukondinendi yese.
Muenzaniso uyu uri kuramba uchishanda nekuti kugona kwesainzi kunoramba kwakapararira zvisina kuenzana. UNESCO Sainzi Chirevo 2021, Africa iri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara yaive nevanhu vanosvika 14% vepasi rose asi 0.7% chete yevaongorori vayo. Mushumo mumwe chetewo unoti kushanda pamwe chete kwesainzi pasi rose kuri kuwedzera, kunyanya panyaya dzematambudziko akadai sezvirwere zvinotapukira, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvisingaremekedze miganhu.
Kana hunyanzvi hwakanyanya uye zvivakwa zvekutsvagisa zvikapararira zvisina kuenzana mukondinendi yese, kushanda pamwe chete kunoita kuti nyika dzigovane kugona uye dzishandise zvirinani mari iripo. Ndiyo nzira iyo nyika dzinogovana hunyanzvi hwakakosha, dzinoshandisa zvirinani zvivakwa zvinodhura uye dzinogadzira mikana isingapihwe nesangano rimwe chete.
Zvivakwa zvekutsvagisa zvinowanzonzwisiswa mumashoko epanyama: marabhoritari, mapuratifomu ekutevedzana, zvivakwa zvemakomputa, michina uye masisitimu edata. Izvi zvakakosha, asi hazvishande zvakazvimirira pasina vanhu vakadzidziswa kuzvishandisa.
Kufamba kwesainzi kunofanirwa kuonekwa sechikamu chezvivakwa izvozvo.
Rabhoritari inogona kunge iine michina yepamusoro, asi kukosha kwayo kunodzikira kana nyanzvi dzisingakwanisi kufamba kunodzidzisa vamwe kana kugadzirisa mashandisirwo ayo. Sangano renyika dzakawanda rinogona kuwana mari yakawanda, asi kufambira mberi kwayo kunononoka kana vaongorori vakasakwanisa kusangana, vadzidzi vasingakwanise kuwana kudzidziswa kwedunhu uye mapoka emapurojekiti asingakwanise kufamba pakati penzvimbo. Kufamba kunosarudza kuti ruzivo, hunyanzvi uye tekinoroji zvinofamba sei zvakanaka.
Dare reSainzi rePasirose rinotoziva rusununguko rwekufamba seimwe yenheyo dzekubatanidzwa kwesainzi. chinzvimbo pakufamba kwesainzi Inoti maitiro evhiza anogona kunge akaoma, anodhura uye asingafungidzike, zvichikonzera migumisiro yakananga pamisangano, kudzidzisa nekushandira pamwe mukutsvaga. Inotiwo masangano esainzi afunge nezvekuwanikwa kwemavhiza pakusarudza kuti misangano ichaitirwa kupi.
Iyi nheyo inofanira kushandiswa nemaune muAfrica.
Africa yakatogadzira hwaro hwakasimba hwehurongwa hwekufamba kwakasununguka. Chinonyanya kukosha ikozvino kushandura zvipikirwa izvi kuita matanho anoshanda anotsigira kushandira pamwe kwesainzi.
Hurumende dzinogona kuunza nzira dzekukurumidzira dzekufamba kwesainzi dzakasimbiswa, kuona kuti masisitimu ekubvumidza emagetsi anofungidzirwa uye akajeka, uye kuramba achiita zvisungo zviripo zvekufamba munzvimbo. Nharaunda dzemunharaunda dzinogona kuongorora kuti sei zvisungo zvekufamba zvakasununguka zvichishanda zvakanaka mune dzimwe nzvimbo asi zvichiramba zvisina simba mune dzimwe. Varongi vemisangano vanofanira kuongorora kuwanikwa kwemavhiza vasati vasarudza nzvimbo uye kutaurirana nevakuru vezvekutamira nekukasika. Vapi vemari vanofanira kuronga bhajeti rekufamba munzvimbo uye kubvumira kuchinjika kana vhiza kana kukanganiswa kwendege kuchikanganisa kuendeswa kweprojekiti.
Masangano esainzi anofanirawo kunyora mutengo wekufamba kwakaganhurirwa. Misangano isina kuitirwa, nzvimbo dzekutsinhana dzakasiyiwa uye mapurojekiti akanonoka anowanzoonekwa sematambudziko ekufamba kwevanhu uye anonyangarika kubva muzvinyorwa zvemasangano. Pasina humbowo huri nani, kukanganisa kubudirira kwekutsvaga, kudzidziswa uye kushanda pamwe chete kunoramba kuri nyore kufuratira.
Africa yafambira mberi zvikuru mukusimbisa masangano ayo esainzi, kuisa mari muzvivakwa zvekutsvagisa uye kuvaka ma network ekutsvagisa ekondinendi. Yakaratidzawo chiono chikuru chekubatanidzwa kwedunhu kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvakaita seAgenda 2063, Free Movement Protocol uye Single African Air Transport Market. Dambudziko rinotevera nderekuona kuti vaongorori vanogona kufamba zviri nyore kuti vatevere kushandira pamwe kwavanotarisirwa kuvaka.
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Disclaimer
Ruzivo, mafungiro uye mazano anowanikwa mumablog edu evashanyi ndeevanhu vakapawo pfungwa dzavo uye hazvirevi hazvo kuti zvinoratidzwa netsika nezvitendero zveInternational Science Council.
Verenga zvakawanda nezve Open Science round-up: kuchengetedza kuvhurika mune shanduko yekuongorora ecosystem Verenga zvakawanda nezve Open Science ongororo: zvivakwa zvakavanzika zviri shure kwekuvandudzwa kwetsvagiridzo Verenga zvakawanda nezve Tiri kuvaka ruzivo rwepasi rose here rwepasi rose rwatinarwo kana rwenyika yatiri kuedza kugadzira? 